The Acoustics Module includes a variety of acoustic—structure interaction capabilities. This includes detailed modeling of magnets and voice coils in loudspeaker drivers or the electrostatic forces in condenser microphones.
In electro-mechanical-acoustic transducer systems, it is easy to use lumped circuit models to simplify the electric and mechanical components. Both approaches are solved with a fully two-way coupling. In miniature transducer systems, like mobile devices, condenser microphones, and hearing aid receivers, the important damping due to the thermoviscous boundary layer losses is included.
There is also extensive functionality for modeling piezoelectric transducers of all kinds. For an accurate microacoustic analysis of acoustic propagation in geometries with small dimensions, you need to account for losses associated with viscosity and thermal conduction; particularly, the losses in the viscous and thermal boundary layers. These effects are solved in full and automatically included when running a thermoviscous simulation using the Acoustics Module and are important for vibroacoustics modeling in miniature electroacoustic transducers like microphones, mobile devices, hearing aids, and MEMS devices.
For detailed transducer modeling, you can use the built-in multiphysics couplings between structures and thermoviscous acoustic domains.
The software accounts for additional effects, including the full transitional behavior from adiabatic to isothermal at very low frequencies. Local nonlinear effects, such as vortex shedding in microspeaker ports or perforates, can be captured in the time domain with the addition of the nonlinear governing terms. There is also a dedicated feature for computing and identifying propagating and nonpropagating modes in narrow waveguides and ducts.
The propagation of sound in solids happens through small-amplitude elastic oscillations of the solid's shape and structure. These elastic waves are transmitted to surrounding fluids as ordinary sound waves. You can use the Acoustics Module to model the propagation of elastic waves in solids and porous materials, for single-physics or multiphysics applications, such as vibration control, nondestructive testing NDT , or mechanical feedback.
Application areas range from micromechanical devices to seismic wave propagation. Elastic wave propagation over large domains containing many wavelengths is solved using a higher-order dG-FEM time-explicit method, and is multiphysics enabled for couplings with fluids as well as piezoelectric materials. The full structural dynamics formulation accounts for the effects of shear waves as well as pressure waves.
You can model the coupled propagation of elastic and pressure waves in porous materials solving Biot's equations. Acoustic disturbances with frequencies that are not audible for humans are classified as ultrasound, which implies that ultrasonic waves have a short wavelength. For this, you can compute the transient propagation of acoustic waves in fluids over large distances in two ways: modeling wave propagation that includes a background flow or modeling the effects of high-power nonlinear acoustics.
You can solve for transient linear acoustics in a simulation that contains many wavelengths in a stationary background flow by modeling the convected wave equation. Applications include flowmeters; exhaust systems; and biomedical applications, for instance, ultrasonic imaging and high-intensity focused ultrasound HIFU. For high-power nonlinear acoustics applications, you can capture progressive wave propagation phenomena where the cumulative nonlinear effects surpass the local nonlinear effects.
This includes modeling the formation and propagation of shocks. You can efficiently run computational aeroacoustics CAA simulations with a decoupled two-step approach in the Acoustics Module. First, you find the background mean flow using tools from the CFD Module or a user-defined flow profile; then, you solve for the acoustic propagation.
For convected acoustics simulations, there are finite element formulations including linearized Navier—Stokes, linearized Euler, and linearized potential flow aeroacoustics simulations. You can compute acoustic variations in pressure, density, velocity, and temperature in the presence of any stationary isothermal or nonisothermal background mean flow.
The formulations readily account for convection, damping, reflection, and diffraction of acoustic waves by the flow. There is also functionality for FSI analyses in the frequency domain with predefined couplings to elastic structures. Flow-induced noise can be included in a pressure acoustics analysis by the addition of aeroacoustic flow sources using Lighthill's acoustic analogy with input from a transient large eddy simulation LES CFD model.
The geometrical acoustics capabilities of the Acoustics Module can be used to evaluate high-frequency systems where the acoustic wavelength is smaller than the characteristic geometric features. There are two methods available: ray acoustics and acoustic diffusion. For ray acoustics, you can compute the trajectories, phase, and intensity of acoustic rays.
Additionally, you can calculate impulse responses, energy and level decay curves, as well as the classical objective room acoustic metrics. The rays can propagate in graded media, which is necessary in underwater acoustics applications. For simulating ray acoustics in both air and water, specialized atmosphere and ocean attenuation material models are available that are important for wave propagation over large distances and at high frequencies.
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Presentation of results in tables, maps, sections, 3D views and real time updates following modifications.
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